Interpersonal Communication Model on Parenting with Adolescent

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INTRODUCTION
The family is the smallest social system that has a major role. It aims to achieve and realize the population's welfare, which is the ideal of development. The family became the first social environment to introduce affection, moral values, religion, socioculture, and others (Hyoscyamina, 2011). On the other hand, the family also plays a foundation in counteracting various negative influences from existing social dynamics. Negative influences caused by friction resulting from interactions between external and internal dynamics in communities that come into contact with other social systems are expected to be counteracted by a family with qualities that describe resilience (Marty & Mirza, 2017;Zerbetto et al., 2017). However, in reality, there are still many problems that arise internally in the family that impact the external problems of society. communication model is a relational framing (Estlein, 2021;Lathren et al., 2021). Twoway communication, considering adolescents' needs, needs to be considered in positive parenting (Runcan et al., 2012). It means accepting the adolescent's condition with all the behaviors that arise without judgment and openness between parent and adolescent.
Interpersonal communication in parents towards adolescents is proven to be influenced by the ability of parents to be gentle and loving towards themselves (Goktas et al., 2022;Long & Neff, 2018;Zhen et al., 2022). Self-compassion helps parents be open and tolerant and accept all the shortcomings of themselves and others, especially their adolescents. Communication that is felt to be cooperative and effective by parents is also inseparable from the parent's openness to all information for their adolescents. Self-disclosure, whose nature is cognitive activity and behavioral activity, that is, has a role as mediation in the relationship between self-compassion and parent-adolescent communication skills (Dou et al., 2022;Zhen et al., 2022). With the self-disclosure owned by parents, it is able to improve the quality of communication between parents and adolescents effectively, so that it has an impact on a more positive and harmonious parentadolescent relationship (Harvey & Boynton, 2021;Nurasyah, 2020).
Self-compassion means that an attitude full of affection towards the self will make the individual able to accept all the shortcomings and conditions of the self and closest people, especially adolescents with all the shortcomings and concerns that arise, thereby improving the quality of the relationship between adolescents and parents (Gouveia et al., 2016;Hollis-Walker & Colosimo, 2011;Long & Neff, 2018;Neff & Dahm, 2015). Selfdisclosure is also key in improving the quality of interpersonal relationships through parent-adolescent interpersonal communication with openness related to selfinformation, problem-solving, and emotions, so this also has an impact on loving and loving oneself in parents who have adolescents (Jang & Stefanone, 2011;Lathren et al., 2021;Mutia & Ridha, 2019). Therefore, based on previous theories and studies, we hypothesize that interpersonal communication models in parenting are influenced by selfcompassion and self-disclosure as mediator variables, by looking at demographic factors ranging from parental roles (father or mother) and the level of education.

Research Design
The study used the quantitative method. In this study, there were several variables, namely: X1 = self-compassion; X2 = self-disclosure; and Y = interpersonal communication.

Research Procedures and Participants
The study was conducted by spreading the Likert scale directly to the study participants, namely parents in Malang. Data collection used purposive sampling techniques using research sample criteria, such as fathers or mothers with children aged 13-17 who live together. A total of 287 people, namely 98 fathers (M age = 40 years) and 189 mothers (M age = 39 years), who have adolescents (M age = 14 years), participated in this study. The following is a breakdown of the research participants based on their level of education.

Measures
This study used the ICS (Interpersonal Communication Scale) by Campbell (2006), the Self-Compassion Scale by Neff (2003), and the Self-Disclosure Scale by Whells & Grotz (1997). These instruments were adapted into Indonesian following the ITC guidelines on adaptation tests, namely by performing backward translations and using qualified translators who represented the balance of language skills, psychological concepts, and culture (Sireci et al., 2006). Also, all items are considered valid and reliable, with the total value of the corrected item for each item having a loading factor above 0.5-0.8 and a Cronbach Alpha value greater than 0.6 (Ursachi et al., 2015). In addition, three experts also consider and assess translation results to evaluate the validity of constructs through expert assessment (Sireci & Faulkner-Bond, 2014). The following briefly explains each measuring instrument and the reliability test results after the trial.
The ICS (Interpersonal Communication Scale) by Campbell (2006) aims to determine a person's interpersonal communication skills. This questionnaire consists of statements about two characteristics that make up communication skills: external perception and internal severance. Seven item statements represent two aspects: 4 items representing external perception and 3 item statements representing internal disseverance (α = 0.760). The available answer options are: never (1), rarely (2), sometimes (3), often (4), and almost always (5). His statement refers to the interpersonal aspect of interpersonal communication in parents mentoring their adolescents.
The SCS (Self-Compassion Scale) by Neff (2003) measures the parent's condition regarding how self-compassion is possessed. The scale consists of 24 items (α= 0.705) in the form of statements consisting of six aspects, namely: self-love with four items, judging oneself with four items, universal humanity with four items, isolation with four items, insight with four items, and overidentification with four items. The available answer options are: never (1), rarely (2), sometimes (3), often (4), and almost always (5).
The Self-Disclosure Scale by Whelles & Grotz (1997) measures the extent of parental self-openness with adolescents. The scale consists of 18 statements representing six aspects (α= 0.625): intended disclosure with three items, amount with four items, positive-negative with two items, honesty-accuracy with four items, control of general depth with three items, and relevance-message nature with two items. Answer choices are: never (1), rarely (2), sometimes (3), often (4), and almost always (5).
The analytical technique used is SEM to determine the interpersonal communication model, which is influenced simultaneously by the self-compassion and self-disclosure variables in parents with adolescents. Statistical calculations of the process are made using smart PLS programs.

RESULTS
The results of statistical tests with the help of smart PLS found that 17 items have a loading factor of > 0.5 with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.705. On the self-disclosure scale, seven items have a loading factor of > 0.5 with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.667; on the interpersonal communication scale, seven items have a loading factor score of >0.6 with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.761. More details can be seen in table 1: Hypothesis testing using SEM analysis is then carried out to determine the influence of self-compassion and self-disclosure on parent's interpersonal communication skills with their adolescents. The results showed that both variables have a significant influence on interpersonal communication. Self-compassion has a simultaneous influence on parental interpersonal communication of β = 0.449 or 44.9% with a p-value of 0.000 or p < 0.05. Meanwhile, self-disclosure also has a simultaneous influence on parental interpersonal communication of β = 0.270 or 27% with a p-value of 0.001 or < 0.05, which means it has a significant effect. Finally, there is a significant influence of self-disclosure on self-compassion of β = 0.559 (55.9%) with a p-value of 0.000 or < 0.05. Chi-square value of 340,682 and NFI of 0.464, which means that the parental interpersonal communication model influenced by self-compassion and self-disclosure is fit. Here are the details in Table 2: Here is a model image that shows interpersonal communication in parents who have adolescents influenced by self-compassion and self-disclosure, namely:

Figure 1. Interpersonal Communication Model of Parents with Adolescents
According to the results of the interpersonal communication model test, parents and adolescents have a positive relationship, indicating that self-compassion can directly and indirectly affect interpersonal communication. This means that the higher the level of selfcompassion in parents, the higher the level of self-disclosure and interpersonal communication. Self-disclosure also has a positive influence on interpersonal communication.
Demographic analysis is related to the level of education, and the roles of the mother or father also have different criteria. The results of the demographic analysis show that the level of education is different in interpersonal communication variables. Table 3 shows that the research participants who scored in excellent categories were at the bachelor's degree and master's degree education levels. While the diploma education level is in the good category, for participants at the senior high school level, aspects that reflect interpersonal communication are in the low category. For self-compassion, participants with master's degrees and diplomas scored in the excellent category, while for senior high school and bachelor's degree levels, it is included in the good category. The self-disclosure of the master's degree level is in the excellent category, and the bachelor's degree is in the good category. While the other is to fall into the good category. The roles of parents between mother and father have no very significant differences. This is explained in the details of Table 4. This shows that interpersonal communication between mother and father has no difference; it is in the category of fair. There is sufficient selfcompassion between the roles of mothers; there is good self-compassion between the roles of fathers. Self-disclosure between father and mother is also the same, which is in the good category, meaning that the openness of fathers and mothers as participants in this study was able to provide information about themselves quite well.

DISCUSSION
The results of studies have shown that self-disclosure has a simultaneous effect on the interpersonal communication of parents with their adolescents. This is supported by previous studies that interpersonal communication skills are influenced by how a person is self-open about information about oneself, thoughts, feelings, and behavior toward others (Chelune & Figueroa, 1981;Jang & Stefanone, 2011;Mutia & Ridha, 2019;Septiani et al., 2019). The greater the level of self-disclosure possessed, the better the level of interpersonal communication skills of individuals. According to Jang and Stefanone (2011), self-disclosure in individuals will make it easier for a person to communicate with others freely and frankly. Parents with adolescents can improve the quality of the parent-adolescent relationship with self-disclosure regarding the information provided by parents to adolescents to improve the psychological well-being of both parents and adolescents (Branje et al., 2012).
Self-disclosure can improve the quality of interpersonal relationships through parentadolescent communication with openness related to self-information, problem-solving, and emotions. Also, it has impacted the love of parents for their adolescents (Lathren et al., 2021). Self-disclosure is one of the most important aspects of interpersonal communication.
With that disclosure then comes the opening of two sides, namely, being open to others and being open for others (Vito, 2016). Parental communication that is open to adolescents, will make adolescents have a sense of closeness and acceptance, improving the quality of parent-adolescent relationships more positively. That way, self-disclosure becomes a determinant in the interpersonal communication skill of parents in parenting (Dou et al., 2022;Harvey & Boynton, 2021;Nurasyah, 2020). The results of the study showed that self-openness could have a simultaneous influence on how parents can love their adolescents and themselves. Neff (2012) mentioned that self-compassion is one aspect of personality maturity related to social relationships. Understanding oneself will further facilitate life as an individual who must interact with others in his social relationships (Branje et al., 2012;Harvey & Boynton, 2021;Ocampo, 2021).
Self-compassion also has a significant influence on interpersonal communication, as the results of studies conducted show that feelings of compassion in oneself are inseparable from compassion for others, so individuals who have self-compassion do not become selfish and without caring about others, empathy, and for parents, especially those who have adolescents, they will be able to have a better relationship (Hollis-Walker & Colosimo, 2011;Lathren et al., 2021;Long & Neff, 2018;Neff, 2012). That way, parents can communicate two-way and openly with their adolescents so that they can have more positive relationship qualities and mental health (Neff, 2012).
Self-compassion can also serve to prevent negative emotional states in parentadolescent relationships. For example, affection can serve as a buffer against negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and anger that are often triggered in the relationships of close people (Duncan et al., 2009). Other research has also shown that self-compassion effectively treats social anxiety and withdrawal symptoms that can help individuals start relationships. Thus, self-compassion can overcome negative psychological states that can positively impact the parent-adolescent relationship (Moreira et al., 2018).
Parents with interpersonal communication skills can establish positive relationships with their adolescents through interactions that show they know, understand, and love each other (Vito, 2016). Communication that suits the needs of adolescents is full of openness, empathy, supportive attitude, positive attitude, and equality (Fajri & Khairani, 2011). This is because adolescence is full of turmoil, with its characteristics and uniqueness, where emotions are very labile, explosive, and dominant with their peers. For parents who are less able to accept the condition of adolescents, it must not be easy to provide appropriate assistance. The inability of parents to communicate with adolescents can increase "problems" in the parentadolescent relationship (Carr, 2015).
In interpersonal communication in the family, there are four models. First, the pattern of equality, in which each family member can be given the same level of credibility that is equally open to ideas, opinions, and mutual trust. Second, a balanced pattern of division in which, although there is a balance, each family member has different authority over the dominant according to their respective roles. Third, an unbalanced pattern of division, in which an unbalanced position will make one person dominate while the other can accept, the opposite