Religious Moderation Attitude: Development Scale

The assessment of religious moderation is still in its early stages of development and is having difficulty accepting the criteria indicated. As a result, religious moderation is sometimes interpreted as being indecisive, only making judgments that favor certain people or groups, and seeming irresponsible by refusing to take a political stance. Furthermore, the concept of religious moderation is frequently misunderstood. Using the CFA validity test approach, this study attempts to create a religious moderation instrument based on a psychological paradigm in which an attitude is understood based on particular ideas (beliefs), emotions, and prior behavior toward religious moderation (Confirmatory Factor Analysis). We define religious moderation as the middle way or not being extreme in one view ( tawassuth ), upholding balance and justice ( i'tidal ), appreciation of life's diversity ( tasamuh ), relying on consensus-based problem-solving ( Shura ), engaging in constructive good deeds for the common good ( ishlah ), is active and innovative in leading goodness ( qudwah ), and can accommodate the state, nation, and culture ( muwwathanah ). The study's findings reveal three (3) aspects of religious moderation, represented by characteristics such as particular ideas (beliefs), emotions, and prior experiences connected to the principles of religious moderation discussed above.


INTRODUCTION
The Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs (2019) has the vision to develop a moderate religious understanding in Muslim society, which is not extreme in attitude and does not glorify unlimited free thinking, to raise a harmonious and peaceful life for diverse Indonesian religions. Moreover, Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) for 2020-2024 has included this moderation. Within Islam, religious moderation is understood similarly to the term "wasathiyyah" which is not new in Islam. It was already studied, discussed, and published by many Muslim scholars.  Suhartawan (2021) stated that the knowledge contained in the Qur'an about religious moderation directs humans' potential toward the benefits of religious and state institutions, educates future generations, builds cross-generational collaboration, and improves the quality of a more open religious understanding and also creates a culture of dialogue between religious leaders and state leaders.
Following the above phenomenon, there might be a problem which is the concept of religious moderation seems to have a top-bottom cycle, where scholars, politicians, and academics offer a concept of religious moderation that is considered mature enough to be socialized and realized in social life without any consideration of digging deeper into the knowledge of the community first about the concept of religious moderation itself. Thus far, studies involving the public on religious moderation have studied psychology, especially regarding moderate attitudes. Let's look at the development of technology and information with the current presence of social media. It not only provides convenience in spreading religious values (Rustandi, 2020), but it can also become an arena for contests and competitions for religious narratives that are practical and tend towards understanding an exclusive religion (Hefni, 2020). The PPIM UIN Jakarta survey in 2020 stated that in cyberspace, religious understanding is more dominated by conservatism than moderate understanding (Halimatusa'diyah et al., 2020). An exclusive and conservative religious understanding can lead a person to have a rigid and static mindset, which then does not rule out the possibility of causing intolerance in his daily life. The results of other studies show that Generation Z, who resides in 3 big cities (Bandung, Depok, and Bogor), has a moderate attitude toward religion that is still below the average. In contrast, their understanding of religion is considered good (Adawiyah et al., 2021).
Digital media, like banquet table that provides many things, is free to access many religious narratives and is often used by certain groups to spread conflict and revive identity politics which is marked by the fading of affiliation to religious institutions, the shift of religious authority, the strengthening of individualism and the change from pluralism to tribalism (Hefni, 2020). Packaging religious language in digital media is sometimes a subjective reality, so it makes religious language into religious imagery in an ambiguous order (Fakhruroji et al., 2020). As a consequence of this phenomenon, digital media tends to project society on a religious understanding with less comprehensive and far from substantive and essential, and also far from moderate and tolerant. Similarly, the relationship between one's religious understanding cannot be confirmed to be correlated with their attitude about religious moderation. Besides that, religious moderation will later be assumed to be a safe playing attitude, which is not firm in making a choice and is even considered an extension of an understanding that prioritizes unlimited freedom.
Responding to those problems, it is necessary to construct instruments of religious moderation that have been tested empirically in terms of validity and reliability. So far, studies related to the instruments of religious moderation have not been widely conducted by researchers. However, at least there is Dinar Pratama (2020) has developed a measurement of religious moderation attitudes for high school (SMA) students using the Thurstone scale and the Equal Appearing Interval method. In her study, she stated that the scale could only be used to measure the attitude of religious moderation at the level of high school students, so further research is needed if the object of measurement is the general public. In addition, the instruments only use the four dimensions of religious moderation initiated by the Ministry of Religion in 2019, deemed insufficient to cover the concept of religious moderation as a whole. And the instruments do not reduce the indicators of the attitude dimension explicitly.
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), attitude is a relatively enduring and general evaluation of an object, person, group, problem, or concept ranging from negative to positive (VandenBos, 2015). Attitudes provide a summary of the evaluation of the object based on certain beliefs, emotions, and past behavior towards the object so that one can rate the object in negative to positive dimensions (VandenBos, 2015). Eagle and Chaiken (Haddock & Maio, 2008) say that attitudes are psychological tendencies expressed by evaluating certain entities based on their liking or disliking. Furthermore, Haddock and Maio (2008) concluded that attitudes include an evaluative assessment of something in the form of likes or dislikes, agreement or disagreement about an object or person (Haddock & Maio, 2008). Fishbein and Ajzen say that attitude is a learned predisposition to respond consistently favorable or unfavorable about a particular object. It was further explained that everyone forms a belief in an object, where this belief is related to how a person attributes the object so that an attitude of likes (favorable) and dislikes (unfavorable) is formed (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975).
On the other hand, Haddock and Maio (2008) explain that attitudes have multiple components: affective, cognitive, and behavioral. Affective is a component of feelings or emotions associated with attitudes towards an object. In this component, there is a mere exposure effect where the feeling or desire to like an object increases due to frequent exposure to the object. Second, cognition is a component of thoughts, beliefs, and attributions associated with objects. Cognitive can influence attitudes toward objects through conscious consideration of an object's negative and positive characteristics. The third is behavior, a component of past behavior towards an object that will affect attitudes towards that object. A further explanation is given by Bem (Haddock & Maio, 2008). Bem explains that people often don't have access to their attitudes, especially when their attitude towards something is ambiguous or weak. They have to go through reasoning about judging their past behavior. This is called self-perception theory.
Furthermore, Haddock and Maio (2008) explain attitudes can be seen from two perspectives; one-dimensional and two-dimensional. One-dimensional is the perspective of seeing negative and positive attitudes on a continuum or one dimension where the negative pole is on one side, and the positive pole is on the other. In contrast, twodimensional is the perspective of seeing positive attitudes as one dimension and negative attitudes as another. The two-dimensional perspective can distinguish if someone has an ambivalent nature towards an object. One-dimensional perspective cannot distinguish when a person has an ambivalent attitude or does not have an attitude toward an object (Haddock & Maio, 2008).
Meanwhile, Ajzen explained that attitudes could be assessed from three dimensions of response which are cognitive, affective, and conative (Ajzen, 2005). Cognitive refers to the perceptual response to an object. Responses are cognitively formed after someone attributes the characteristics of objects. The results of this attribution then become beliefs that determine a person's favorable or unfavorable attitude toward an object. Affective refers to feelings towards objects, expressed verbally and in physiological responses that appear to objects. Conative is the tendency of behaviors, intentions, and actions regarding an object. The conative response can be expressed by expressing behavioral intentions and behavior seen about the object (Ajzen, 2005).
So that the formulation in this study is how to measure the attitude instruments, which include the attitude indicators above (beliefs, emotions, and past behavior) in the context of religious moderation, the dimensions of religious moderation used in this study are based on the Bogor Message (2018), which is the commitment of Muslims to uphold the concept of Islamic wasathiyah, which was agreed upon by around 100 Islamic figures, scholars, and Muslim scholars from Indonesia and around the world, including Grand Sheikh Al Azhar, Ahmed Muhammad Ahmed Al-Thayyeb. This commitment was formed from a meeting entitled High-Level Consultation of World Moslem's Scholars on Wasathiyah Islam, held in Bogor-Indonesia on March 3, 2018 (Sangsoko & Muhyiddin, 2018).
The Bogor message itself was present before the Ministry of Religion's concept of religious moderation was published, and it was gradually formulated from 12 cores to 7 core values of Islamic moderation "wasathiyah" (Ramadhan & Syauqillah, 2018) including; Tawassuth, which is defined as always taking the middle way or the straight path with the truth, without being extreme (excessive) in one option/way/point of view or practice; I'tidal, which means balance and justice based on the principle of fairness that is proportional and not extreme or excessive; Tasamuh, which is intended to recognize and respect diversity in all aspects of life; Shura, which relies on consultation and problem solving through deliberation to reach consensus; Ishlah, which is involved in reform and constructive good deeds for the ordinary people; Qudwah, which involves efforts to pioneer noble initiatives and lead human welfare; Muwwathanah, which accepts Indonesian nationality and plurality and commitment as a good citizen.
Considering the problems and shortcomings of the above studies and also accommodating indicators of attitudes and concepts of religious moderation as a whole, this study tries to construct a measurement of the instruments of religious moderation attitude' so that it can be a scientific basis for measuring attitudes of religious moderation among the general public.

METHOD
The design of this study is instrument development research with a quantitative paradigm using a research and development design that refers to the development procedure of Kyriazos and Stalikas (2018) with modifications. Four stages are involved in this study; First, the determination of indicators and dimensions; in this case, the attitude indicators include beliefs, emotions, and past behavior. Besides those indicators, the dimensions of religious moderation include the seven concepts of the 2018 Bogor Minutes (Ramadhan & Syauqillah, 2018).
The second stage is conducting a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) to formulate research instrument items; these represent the community's perspective in formulating instrument items related to religious moderation attitudes. FGD participants are 15 people with the criteria; 5 people have a fundamental religious affiliation background, five have a moderate religious affiliation background, and the remaining five have a liberal religious affiliation background. This FGD aims to obtain items of religious moderation from various religious perspectives and backgrounds. Following that, research instruments from the FGD are distributed to respondents online. Finally, quantitative analysis using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) methods is conducted.

Population and Sample
The population in this study was the Indonesian people with the following criteria; Muslim, Indonesian citizen status, and minimum age of 18 years. The research sample comprised 305 respondents (N=305). The sampling technique was purposive sampling, using Google Forms. The researcher included a statement of the respondent's willingness and ensured that the respondent's data was anonymous and would only be used for research purposes. Of the total sample, 67.2% were female, and 32.8% were male. Meanwhile, demographic data regarding age were dominated by respondents aged 21-30, which comprised half of the share, as shown in the following table: As for the last education aspect, the respondents of this study were dominated by Islamic Universities, which amounted to 51.1%, followed by Islamic schools with 18.4% of the share, then by general (non-Islamic) schools and general (non-Islamic) universities with 15.4% and 15.1% respectively. And in the aspect of religious affiliation, it was found that the Islamic organization Nahdhatul Ulama dominated the share with more than threequarters of the percentage, followed by Muhammadiyyah with only 8.5%. Following that, 7.9% of the portion was witnessed by participants who have no religious affiliation, while Tarbiyah Islamiyah had 3.9% of the share, and the rest can be seen in the following table; And in the aspect of work background, students have the most significant share of participants, with 64.3%, followed by private workers with 17.4%. In contrast, homemakers, civil servants, and teachers have less than one-tenth portion with only 5.2%, 3.9%, and 3.3%, respectively. The distribution of respondents above implies a proportional distribution and represents the community in the test of the instrument of religious moderation in this study.

Instruments
In this research instrument, there are two compositions; 1). Attitude indicators include (Haddock & Maio, 2008); belief (the respondent's thoughts, knowledge, and insight about religious moderation), emotions (the respondent's feelings about religious moderation), and past behaviors (the respondent's experience associated with religious moderation); 2). The value of religious moderation includes; Tawassuth (middle path / straight path with truth and not extreme in one view), I'tidal (balance and justice), Tasamuh (respect for the diversity of life), Shura (deliberation for consensus agreement), Ishlah (participation of constructive goodness for the benefit of all), Qudwah (good initiatives for the glory and welfare of humans), Muwwathanah (accommodating the state, nation, and culture).

Data Analysis
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to see how many dimensions are measured by the items of religious moderation. Similarly, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to validate each item in measuring the dimensions generated based on the EFA analysis.

Results of Extraction Exploratory Factor Analysis of Religious Moderation Attitude Instruments
The religious moderation attitude instruments consist of thirteen items. Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted to see the number of dimensions measured by the items of the religious moderation attitude instruments. The EFA analysis was carried out using the principal component method with the criteria of eigenvalue > 1. Determination of the number of dimensions measured by these three following items of religious moderation attitude, which are: 1. Based on the criteria, the resulting eigenvalue is more significant than one (Kaiser, 1960). 2. Based on the cumulative variance with a minimum limit of more than 50%. 3. Based on the scree plot or scree test made by plotting the eigenvalues (Cattell, 1966). Based on the EFA analysis conducted using the Principal Component Analysis method and compared with the above criteria, the number of factors is: 1. Based on the criteria, the resulting eigenvalue is more significant than one (Kaiser, 1960). Attitude variable items measure three dimensions, with details of the first dimension having an eigenvalue of 3.927, the second dimension having an eigenvalue of 1.652, and the third dimension having an eigenvalue of 1,600. 2. The Attitude variable items measure three dimensions based on the cumulative variance with a minimum limit of more than 50%. The three dimensions explain 55% of the variance of the attitude items. 3. Based on the scree plot or scree test made by plotting the eigenvalues, the attitude items measure three dimensions, as seen from the steepness of the three points on the scree plot. With the fulfilment of the above criteria, three dimensions are measured by the religious moderation attitude scale items.

Results of Rotation Exploratory Factor Analysis of Religious Moderation Attitude Instruments
After the three dimensions are found from the extraction factor results, rotation is carried out to determine the items that measure the three known dimensions. The notation used is varimax. The following is a table of item rotation results. Based on the explanation above, the results of the EFA rotation analysis on the dimensions of beliefs with items S18, S19, S20, S21R, and S22R are in accordance with what is theorized, which is measuring the belief dimension. Meanwhile, there is a difference between what is theorized and the results of the EFA analysis on the dimensions of emotions and past behaviours. Based on what is theorized, the dimensions of emotions are explained by items S23R, S24R, S25, and S26, and the dimensions of past behaviour are explained by items S27, S28R, S29, and S30R. Based on the results of the EFA analysis, S25, S26, S27, and S29 measured the dimensions of emotions, and S23R, S24R, S28R, and S30R measured the dimensions of past behaviours. A description of each item is attached to Appendix 1.

Results of the Validity Test of the Religious Moderation Attitude Instruments using Confirmatory Factor Analysis
The second-order CFA analysis was conducted to confirm the items measuring the dimensions of the religious moderation attitude instruments after the EFA was conducted. The religious moderation attitude instruments consist of thirteen items. The unidimensional validity of the measuring instrument was tested using CFA to ensure whether the items measured the variable. The second-order CFA analysis was conducted to see the items and dimensions measured in the attitude variable. The results of CFA with the second order model were found to be unfit, with Chi-Square = 952.46, df = 65, P-Value = 0.000 and RMSEA = 0.212. This study modifies the model, in which the measurement errors on several items are free to correlate with each other, then the fit model is obtained with Chi-Square = 43.91, df = 31, P-Value = 0.06, and RMSEA = 0.037. The next step is to report the validity test results of each item of religious moderation. The results can be seen in the following table: Based on the table above, it can be seen that all items are declared valid to measure the attitude of religious moderation. Thus, all of these items can be used when measuring the attitude variable of religious moderation.

DISCUSSION
Religious moderation attitude items based on EFA analysis with eigenvalue criteria of more than one, a cumulative frequency of more than 50%, and scree plot steepness, measuring three dimensions (beliefs, emotions, and past behavior). After finding the items measuring three dimensions, the items were validated using CFA analysis. After the model is modified, the unidimensional model fits the data. This means that these items correctly measure the three dimensions produced by the EFA and one higher factor, which is the variable of religious moderation attitude.
The results of this study explain that individuals who are already moderate are if they cognitively have thoughts, beliefs, and attributions about the moderate concept, which are characterized by seven characteristics of religious moderation based on the concept of the Bogor Message (2018); emotionally they like the seven characteristics of religious moderation, and they also have experience in the past regarding the application of the seven characteristics of religious moderation. They consider these characteristics appropriate/suitable for them to be applied to various life contexts.
If referring to the theory of Ajzen (2005), it can be explained that moderate attitudes can be assessed from three response dimensions, which are cognitive, affective, and conative. Cognitive refers to the perception response to the concept of religious moderation. Cognitive responses are formed after someone attributes the characteristics of religious moderation. The results of this attribution then become beliefs that determine a person's favourable or unfavourable attitude toward religious moderation. Affective refers to feelings towards religious moderation; both expressed verbally and physiological responses that arise to the concept of religious moderation. Conative is the tendency of behaviours, intentions, and actions related to religious moderation. Conative responses can be expressed by expressing behavioural intentions and visible behavior regarding religious moderation.
Furthermore, the analysis results in this study explain that the scale of religious moderation attitudes can be categorized into negative and positive attitudes, where the scores are on a continuum (Haddock & Maio, 2008). Based on the CFA analysis, there is no negative loading factor, meaning that the higher the value on these items, the higher the measured factor, in this case, the attitude of religious moderation. The limitation of the data analysis used is that it cannot distinguish when someone has an ambivalent attitude or does not have an attitude toward religious moderation. Further analysis is needed to measure the ambivalence attitude; this is because CFA can only check the continuum scale with a one-dimensional perspective seen from the positive or negative factor loading.

CONCLUSION
This study found the results of the construction of a measuring instrument for religious moderation that had gone through the process of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to measure attitudes with three dimensions validly; beliefs, emotions, and past behaviors related to the seven characteristics of religious moderation based on the Bogor Message (2018), which are Tawassuth (middle path / straight path with truth and not extreme in one view), I'tidal (balance and justice), Tasamuh (respect for the diversity of life), Shura (deliberation for consensus agreement), Ishlah (participation of constructive goodness for the benefit of all), Qudwah (good initiatives for the glory and welfare of humans), Muwwathanah (accommodating the state, nation, and culture).