Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) : A Phubbing Measurement For Young Moslem In Industry 4.0

The purpose of this study is to develop a measurement scale for phone snubbing among Moslem youth in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. This research is used a quantitative survey research with the number of respondents N = 503 who were Moslem youths at a university in the Republic of Indonesia which was determined by multistage sampling technique. The instrument used is the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) which consists of three dimensions - ignore others, dependency on gadgets and social disconnectedness. In analyzing the data through the process of building validity consisting of confirmatory factor analysis and total correlation of corrected items, analyzing internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha technique. The results showed that the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) has a good item validity and reliability test as a measurement scale for phone insulting behavior young Moslems in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. The recommended Phub-S items totaling 45 items that have been fulfilled are valid based on testing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique (standardized solution (SS) > 0.4 and T-Values > 1.96), Corrected Item-Total Correlation ≥ 0.30 and with a scale reliability value. 0.932 (Cronbach's Alpha value> 0.8).


INTRODUCTION
Research in the field of psychology that discusses the development of measuring instruments has been carried out by several previous experts with various themes of psychological studies. Like the research conducted by Evers (2017); Watson (1988); Krafft (2017); Pavlas (2012); Opree (2018). The development of measuring instruments carried out by previous experts was carried out based on existing phenomena in society, as well as the development of theoretical concepts for previous research and the development of new research.
In this study, I observed one of the phenomena that emerged in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 which is the basis of a combined production system between the real world and the virtual world (Deloitte, 2015). Where in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, as expressed by Morrar, Arman & Mousa (2017) that the combination of physical systems that work together and communicate with each other and with humans is enabled by the internet.
One of the themes of psychological research on the development of measuring instruments that became my focus was to conduct a research on the phenomenon in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, namely phone snubbing. The word phone snubbing is a combination of two syllables, namely "phone" and "snubbing". The combination of these two syllables has the meaning of a person's behavior regarding phenomena in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 (Reza, 2020).
Several experts who reveal the definition of phone snubbing, almost all of them lead to "acts that ignore other people when communicating by diverting them to gadgets". (Balta et al., 2018;Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2016;Cizmeci, 2017;Guazzini et al., 2019;Karadağ et al., 2015). I define phone snubbing as ignore behavior when communicating with others by switching to gadgets (cellphones, smart phones, laptops and others) just to check messages, see social media and just open gadgets without any purpose (Fani Reza, 2018).
The research I've done about the dimensions of phone subbing (2018) find the three dimensions of phubbing and their behavioral indicators. Dimensions of phone snubbing, namely first, ignore others and switch to gadgets. Ignore other people having behavioral indicators such as: 1) Don't want to start talking to other people and choose a gadget; 2) Can't become a good listener and choose a gadget; 3) Not responding to other people's talks and choosing gadgets. second, dimension of phubbing is dependency on gadgets. Dependency on gadgets that have behavioral indicators aresuch as: 1) Cannot be without gadgets; 2) Spend more time for gadgets. Third, the dimension of phubbing is social disconnectedness. Social disconnectedness that have behavioral indicators are such as: 1) Not interested in social activities and more interested in gadgets; 2) Avoiding social interaction situations and prefer to play with their gadgets. Every dimension of phone snubbing has a behavior indicator that shows someone indicated by phubber.
From the results of research that I have done regarding the dimensions of phone snubbing. So I am interested in conducting research and development on phubbing related to the development of a phone snubbing measurement tool. From the search results researchers through the google search engine with keywords: measurement phone snubbing; phone snubbing scale. Researchers discovered a study conducted by Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2018b) who conducted research in the form of developing a phubbing scale, namely the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP) which consists of three aspects of nomophobia, interpersonal conflict, self-isolation, and problem acknowledgment.
Next, I conducted further research on previous research on the theme of the phone snubbing scale using an article search tool, Connected Papers. From the search results that the research conducted Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2018b) became the top research on the theme of the phone snubbing scale. Therefore, I further investigated the relationship between articles with the theme of the phone snubbing scale, where the graph can be seen in the following graph: Source clik this link : https://rebrand.ly/GSPandGSBP From the results of the search for the connectedness of articles with the theme of phone snubbing scale using the Connected Papers tool. It can be seen that the research conducted by Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2018b) became the top research with the theme of the phone snubbing scale. This was followed by research conducted by David (2020) who conducts research on the development and testing of phubbing perception scales. In addition, research with the theme of phone snubbing does not specialize in research to develop a measuring instrument for phubbing research, as can be seen in the graph above.
In addition, I did a search on the Psychology Today site with the terms: phone snubbing; phubbing. That there are many academics who discuss the theme of phone snubbing in a psychology perspective. As among several written articles from Seidman (2015) ; Davila (2015); Seppala (2017); White (2019), all with the theme of phone snubbing. Based on previous research, my research has differences with previous research. Judging from the concept of theory, research methods, research respondents.
Next, I saw a phenomenon in the industrial era 4.0, one of which was marked by the exponential impact of technology (Deloitte, 2015). The phenomenon that I managed to catch was the Moslem youth in one of the Islamic Universities in the Republic of Indonesia. Currently, where there is an impact of technology on human life in this industrial era 4.0, there is a phenomenon of someone becoming "Phubbers" as someone who does phone snubbing. We can easily find it around us every day. This, I observed in Moslem youths who are students, where when they were communicating, there were Moslem youths playing with their cellphones. Regardless of what other people say, there are indications that the Moslem youth I have observed have a tendency to become phubbers.
Based on the explanation above, looking at the phubbing scale research which still tends to be minimal, the existing phenomena and the research development process that I have done. So the purpose of this research is to develop and test the phone snubbing scale on young Moslems in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0.

METHOD
This research is a type of quantitative research with a quantitative survey research design (Creswell, 2012). The population in this study is young Moslems in one of the religious tertiary institutions in Indonesia. Population characteristics in this study include: 1) Young Moslems who are active students in one of Indonesia's religious colleges (latest data in 2019); 2) Gender of men and women; 3) Minimum age 17, maximum 24 years; 4) Willing to be a research respondent. This study with a population of N = 17.731 subjects. After collecting the sample using the multistage sampling technique (Etikan, 2017), with the rule for the number of N ≥ 350 (Creswell, 2012). So this study managed to collect research respondents as many as N = 503, 28.3% of the total number of subjects who served as research respondents.
The method of data collection in this study used the Likert model research scale (Joshi et al., 2015) which researchers compiled based on the theoretical construct of dimensions of phone snubbing revealed by Reza (2018): 1) Ignore others and switch to gadgets (example : when in a crowd I choose to play on my cellphone); 2) Dependency on gadgets (Example : my days feel empty without my cellphone) ; 3) Social disconnectedness (Example : I prefer interacting with social media rather than being in social activities). Scale response in this study consists of: very appropriate, appropriate, inappropriate, very inappropriate. The following is an explanation of the blue print phone snubbing scale (Phub-S) This research outline aims to assess whether the research instrument to measure the phone snubbing scale compiled by Iredho Fani Reza can be said to have validity and reliability as a good research instrument. The conceptual flow of this research framework begins with the preparation of the phone snubbing scale (Phub-S) based on the constructs that have been determined from the three Dimensions of Phone Snubbing (Phubbing), so that 70 initial items are obtained. The next step is to analyze content validity which is an assessment of the research instruments that have been prepared.
In the stages of analyzing content validity, there are two stages. The first stage was conducted by three colleagues with the qualifications of master's education, academics, practitioners in the fields of social psychology, clinical psychology and educational psychology. As for this stage, the three colleagues assessed 70 Phub-S items that the author had compiled. The assessment indicators are: 1) The suitability of the items with the blue-print; 2) Writing rules of the item.
After that, a revised 70 items tryout was also carried out based on a review from stage 1 with respondents N = 140, so the results of the reliability test using Cronbach's alpha technique obtained a value of 0.950 which means that it has a Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.70 (Morgan et al., 2011). Suggestions and input from the three colleagues were revised again and the reliability test results were used to see the initial level of reliability while maintaining the number of items available (70 items).
The next stage is a review by two experts with doctoral education qualifications, academics, practitioners in the field of social psychology and clinical psychology. In the review stage by two experts, valid items were selected, dropped and revised by the reviewer. After the stages of analyzing content validity are met, get recommendations from reviewers, that can be continued in research. Then the next stage is the distribution of scales that have been tested by expert reviewers to tryout respondents. The data that was obtained from the tryout respondents were analyzed construct validity: Corrected item-total correlation and analyzed internal consistency reliability: Cronbach's Alpha. Then get a number of valid items and fall based on the try out test.
The next step is to distribute the scale to the research respondents. After the data was obtained, two analytical tests were carried out. First, construct validity analysis, starting with Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with statistical analysis program Lisrel 9.30 and continued with corrected item-total correlation analysis with statistical analysis program IBM SPSS 24. At this stage, items that are declared valid items will be selected and items will be dropped. The second stage is to analyze internal consistency reliability with Cronbach's alpha technique. After all the stages are carried out, it can be concluded whether the phone snubbing scale compiled by Iredho Fani Reza can be said as a good research instrument for measuring phone snubbing.

Analyze Content Validity: Phone Snubbing Scale
In this stage of analysis, a review by experts from a social psychology and clinical psychology was conducted on the initial form of the Phone Snubbing Scale which consisted of 70 items. In reviewing the phone snubbing scale compiled by the author, the experts assessed it based on three aspects, namely: 1) The suitability of the item with the theoretical construct (blueprint); 2) Aspects of item writing rules; 3) The aspect of selecting the answer response. From the results of the reviewer 's review of 70 initial phone snubbing items.
After reviewing 70 initial phone snubbing items. Two reviewers gave a conclusion consisting of three choice options including: 1) Can be used without improvement; 2) Can be used after being repaired according to suggestions or input; 3) it needs to be completely repaired. From the results of the review by the reviewer, 48 items were found that were declared eligible to continue the research process.

Analyze Construct Validity Phone Snubbing Scale
The first stage in Analyze Construct validity is confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which is a type of structural equation modeling (SEM) (Brown, 2006). In applying confirmatory factor anaysis (CFA), the authors use statistical software, namely Lisrel 9.30 Student. Testing confirmatory factor analysis on the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) shows that every data on the dimensions of phubbing has a valid data decision result from the test results of standardized solution (SS) > 0.4 and T-Values > 1.96 (Harrington & Donna, 2009;Vieira, 2011). Each phone snubbing dimension scores: 1) Ignore Others (SS = 0.82; T-Value = 16.82); 2) Dependency on Gadgets; (SS = 0.55; T-Value = 11.82); 3) Social Disconnectedness (SS = 0.77; T-Value = 15.99). The following are the results of testing the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) data using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique :

Standard Solution T Value
So it can be said that each item on the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) dimension can be said to measure what you want to measure. It can be seen that the results of the chi-square, p-value and RMSEA (root mean squared error of approximation) tests in the confirmatory factor analysis test on the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) get results according to the rules where the data is (Harrington & Donna, 2009;Vieira, 2011). From the test results of confirmatory factor analysis on the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S), it shows that the data supports the model for measuring the Phone Snubbing variable. Where the scale has met the feasibility to meet the ideal value of the criteria of a good scale. So the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) is a scale that can be accepted as a scale capable of representing an indication of Phone Snubbing in young moslem in the era of industrial revolution 4.0.
After the first stage is fulfilled in Analyze Construct validity with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Then proceed with the second stage of analysis, namely Corrected Item-Total Correlation. The values in the column labeled Corrected Item-Total Correlation are the correlations between each item and the total score from the questionnaire. On a reliable scale all items must be correlated with the total (Field, 2009).
Determination of valid item rules by looking at the value of Corrected Item-Total Correlation ≥ 0.30, then the item is declared valid. Conversely, if the value of Corrected Item-Total Correlation < 0.30 then the item is declared invalid or the item is declared invalid. Items that are declared valid are declared good items in the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S), otherwise items that are declared invalid or items are invalid are declared bad items and must be disposed of from Phub-S (Field, 2009).
In addition, to strengthen whether items that are declared valid will have a positive correlation in increasing the reliability of the scale. You can see the value of Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted for each item. If each item gets a Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.8 then it is declared to have good reliability (Field, 2009). In applying the corrected itemtotal correlation, the authors use statistical software, namely IBM SPSS 24. Testing the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) using a sample amounting to N = 503. The number of Phone Snubbing Scale items analyzed was 48 items. Here the authors show the results of the Corrected Item-Total Correlation test with the help of statistical software, namely IBM SPSS 24: Based on the results of the corrected item-total correlation analysis with the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) item. The results showed that from 48 Phub-S items there were 45 valid items (rix 0.30) and 3 invalid items (rix < 0.30). In addition, if viewed from the Cronbach's Alpha value if the Items are Deleted on each item, all 45 items get Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.8 then it is declared to have good reliability. The complete distribution of 45 valid items and 3 failed items (*) can be seen in the blueprint Analyze Internal Consistency Reliability Phub-S After the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) through analyze construct validity consists of: 1) Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); 2) Corrected item-total correlation. So that a number of items that were declared valid were 45 items Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S). Then proceed with the Internal Consistency Reliability test against the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S). Internal consistency testing using the Cronbach alpha technique.

Item-Total Statistics
A very common measure of reliability in the research literature is Cronbach's alpha. Usually it is used to assess the reliability of the internal consistency of several items or scores that the researcher wants to add up to get the summary or scale score that is summed. Alpha is based on a correlation matrix and is interpreted similarly to other reliability measures; alpha must be positive and usually greater than 0.70 to provide good support for internal consistency reliability (Morgan et al., 2011). In applying Internal Consistency Reliability, the writer uses statistical software, namely IBM SPSS 24.
Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) that was analyzed consisted of 45 items that were declared valid. After testing the Internal Consistency using the Cronbach alpha technique with the help of statistical software, namely IBM SPSS 24, the results are as follows: Reliability Statistics Cronbach's Alpha N of Items .932 45 Based on the results of the Internal Consistency test using the Cronbach alpha technique, the value was 0.932, which means that it has a Cronbach's Alpha value > 0.70. So it is stated that the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) has a high level of reliability.

DISCUSSION
Young adulthood is a time of unique and critical development in which health needs and inequalities are not met (The Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine, 2017). The Phenomenon of Phone Snubbing in young people should be a phenomenon that is also related to health and inequalities where the needs of the young people are not fulfilled.
Furthermore, according to the World Health Organization (2006) recognizes that the period of young people is a phase rather than a fixed period of time in an individual's life. As indicated above, this is a developmental phase in many areas: from the appearance of secondary sex characteristics (puberty) to sexual maturity and reproduction; development of mental processes and adult identity; and the transition from total socioeconomic and emotional dependence to relative independence.
In this study, a Moslem who is a time of development of young people tends to show the Phone Snubbing phenomenon when interacting with other people. However, a measurement is needed which can indeed be stated as a reliable measurement tool for measuring phone snubbing in young moslem. Therefore this study is focused on testing whether the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) can be said to be a tool for measuring phubbing behavior in young mosquitoes.
From the findings of this study, it shows that the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S), which compiler Iredho Fani Reza, has good validity and reliability as a measurement tool for phone snubbing (Phubbing) behavior in young moslem in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. This is because phone snubbing has an impact on aspects of the lives of young moslem. As explained in this research process which also uses a social psychology approach and a clinical psychology approach. That phone snubbing has an impact on social and clinical aspects in young Moslems.
Several previous studies have shown that phone snubbing has a social impact on a person (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2018a;David & Roberts, 2017). The social impact of phone snubbing that is felt by a person is found in the study of social psychology. In line with the impact it has in social terms for phubbers. Phone snubbing also has clinical implications for a person (Balta et al., 2018;Ivanova et al., 2020).
Therefore, in the review of the Phone Snubbing Scale compiled by the author. The author enlisted the help of expert reviewers in the fields of Social Psychology and clinical psychology. This is because there is a scientific connection between social psychology and clinical psychology with the theme of phone snubbing studies.
The results of this study, apart from being useful for revealing the tendency of Phone Snubbing in young moslem. It also provides new insights in the development of existing scientific materials with the theme of measurement of phone snubbing. Such as research conducted by Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas (2018b) by theme "Measuring phone snubbing behavior: Development and validation of the Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP)". Also made a big contribution in research with the theme of measurement of phubbing. Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas's research resulted in two phubbing measurements, namely Generic Scale of Phubbing (GSP) which aims to assess phubbing behavior and the Generic Scale of Being Phubbed (GSBP) aims to assess the experience of being phubbed.
In addition, research conducted by David and Roberts (2020) who do research on the theme "Developing and Testing a Scale Designed to Measure Perceived Phubbing". His research found that phone snubbing was formed due to three important aspects, namely social exclusion, need for attention, and social media ise intensity. From the search results I used the Connected Papers search tool on two previous studies on the theme of measurement of phone snubbing. That the two studies conducted by Chotpitayasunondh and Douglas (2018b) David and Roberts (2020) have a relationship with each other. As well as the source of the initial development of research on the theme of measurement of phone snubbing from the search results with the Connected Papers search tool, it was found that the two previous research results also cited research conducted by Karadag. (2015) who found that phubbing behavior was influenced by mobile phone, SMS, social media and internet addictions.
Meanwhile, the results of the research I did, by revealing phone snubbing based on three dimensions of phone snubbing, namely ignore others, dependency on gadgets and social disconnectedness. (Fani Reza, 2018). Also has a relationship from previous studies. Although the research that I did also has some differences which have been stated in the opening section.
I also did a follow-up analysis to find out the three dimensions of phone snubbing in the phubbing measuring instrument in this study. The highest phubbing dimension reflects phone snubbing, and the low phubbing dimension reflects phone snubbing. Therefore, I did a Tukey B a analysis using the help of the IBM SPSS 24 program, the test results are as follows: The results of the Tukey B a analysis show that the phubbing dimension that most reflects phubbing is the ignore others dimension (Mean = 39.4553). After that, it is followed by the dimension of social disconnectedness (Mean = 29.8668). While the lowest phubbing dimension reflects phubbing is the dependency on gadgets dimension (Mean = 24.7893).
The interesting thing is that someone who shows the highest phone snubbing with young Moslem respondents N = 503 is ignoring other people. One example of the behavior of someone who ignores others as reflected in the question item "when in a crowd I choose to play on my cellphone". Sedangkan contoh perilaku yang terendah menunjukkan seseorang dependency gadgets seperti tercermin dalam item pertanyaan "My days feel empty without my cellphone". Selain itu, bentuk indikator keperilakuaan lainnya dapat di lihat pada item pertanyaan pada Phubbing Scale dalam penelitian ini.
In the future, further development of the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) is still needed. Whether in the form of re-reliability testing, its application in the implementation of research with the theme of phone snubbing, research with more varied respondents in terms of gender, age, religion, education and so on. So that some of the weaknesses in this study can be a way of implementing further research efforts. The implication of this research for psychology is as an additional reference for academics, scientists, practitioners and students to conduct development or advanced research with the theme of phone snubbing. In addition, the next real implication is to give an idea of whether someone can be indicated to be a phubber, knowing it can reduce it.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study prove that the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) compiled by Iredho Fani Reza has good item validity and reliability tests as a measurement scale for measuring phone snubbing behavior in young moslem in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. Based on these findings, the number of items recommended on the Phone Snubbing Scale (Phub-S) is 45 items.